Venus: the goddess of beauty and love

In Roman mythology, the goddess of beauty and love. Originally of minor importance, she became through identification with the Greek Aphrodite one of the major characters in classical myths. She was the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. According to another view (influenced by association with the Greek term aphros, "foam") she had sprung from the foam of the sea at Cyprus. Jupiter gave her in wedlock to Vulcan. She was the mother, by Vulcan, of Eros and Anteros; by Mars, of Harmonia; by Anchises, of Aeneas; etc.

She wore a magic girdle which enabled its wearer to arouse love in others. She plays an important part in many legends and stories: she gave beauty as a gift to Pandora, the first woman; she fell in love with Adonis and after his death changed his blood into the anemone; she first objected and finally consented to her son Cupid's (Eros) love for Psyche; she had Atalanta and Hippomenes changed into lions; she consoled Ariadne and gave her Bacchus as her husband; she competed against Juno and Minerva for the apple of discord and was given the prize by Paris; she destined Helen, the wife of Menelaus, for Paris and caused thus the Trojan war; she sided with the Trojans against the Greeks and enlisted the help of her admirer Mars; etc., etc.

Her name is given to the second planet from the sun, and in astrology "` the white men or browne . . . joyfull, laughter, liberall, pleasers, dauncers, entertayners of women, players, perfumers, musitions, messengers of love."

In CamoÄns' epic poem The Lusiad, Uranian Venus is the impersonation of divine love and the presiding deity of the Lusians. The Isle of Venus is a paradise created for the Lusian heroes, Here Uranian Venus gives Vasco da Gama the empire of the sea.

In Wagner's opera Tannhauser, Venus is goddess of love and illicit delights and entertain the hero in her magic grotto beneath the Venusberg.

Babylonian, Greek, Egyptian Astrology

Babylonian astrology was very primitive. A strong magical system of correspondences was developed, linking heaven and earth; it was this magical world view that was taken over by the Greeks and mathematically developed into Aristotle's cosmology and what we know today as astrology. The Babylonians were practical people, interested in learning from their omens the tides of war and the coming of the floods so necessary for their agriculture. The Greeks were trying to build up a mathematical picture of the cosmos as a whole and for that reason are considered the forerunners of science.

But Greek astrology was not a science. Astrology came to the Greeks as a full-blown magical system, its assumptions and operating principles unquestioned. The Greeks wove astrology into their "scientific" cosmology, setting the pattern for astrologers to attach their "art" onto each new up-and-coming science, more and more ascribing astrology to physical influences and obscuring the magical principles upon which it was based.

Thus, Greek astrology used the same magical "principle of correspondences," adding the characteristics of their native gods to the planets and stars. Astrologers have long claimed that the characteristic influences of the stars were determined through patient observation over many centuries. This is totally false; the astrological nature of the signs and planets is determined strictly on the basis of their magical correspondences. Thus, Pisces (the Fish) is called a water sign, red Mars is associated with war, quick and elusive Mercury governs the metal quicksilver (mercury), planets in opposition are in disharmony, and so on.

It was the Egyptians who contributed planetary aspects (system of Places): the idea that planets at particular angles (opposition, square, trine) represent omens foretelling events on earth. The Greeks merely superimposed the Egyptian system of Places on the Babylonian zodiac (way of Anu) to come up with what we know today as astrology.